Schistosoma haematobium is a blood-dwelling trematode that primarily infects humans, although it can also infect other mammals. The adult worms live in the venous plexuses surrounding the urinary bladder, where they lay their eggs. The eggs are then released into the urine, which contaminates freshwater sources, such as rivers and lakes, where the eggs hatch and release miracidia, the free-living stage of the parasite. The miracidia then infect snails, the intermediate host, where they undergo a series of developmental stages before being released as cercariae, the infectious stage of the parasite.

The tegument is the outermost layer of the Schistosoma haematobium parasite, and it plays a critical role in the interaction between the parasite and its host. The 22.6kDa tegument-associated antigen is a key component of this layer and is thought to be involved in immune evasion and host-parasite interactions. This antigen has been identified as a potential target for the development of vaccines and diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis.

Diagnosing schistosomiasis can be challenging, as symptoms may not appear for several weeks after infection. Various diagnostic tests are available, including the detection of parasite eggs in urine or stool samples, blood tests, and imaging studies.

The cDNA (complementary DNA) of Schistosoma haematobium can be used to study the parasite’s molecular biology and genetics. Researchers can isolate and sequence the cDNA to identify genes that are important for the parasite’s survival and pathogenesis. This information can be used to develop new strategies for controlling the spread of urinary schistosomiasis and other schistosomiasis diseases caused by Schistosoma species.

Recombinant antigens, which are proteins that are produced in the laboratory using genetic engineering techniques, can be used for diagnostic tests and vaccine development for Schistosoma haematobium. Researchers can identify antigens from Schistosoma haematobium and produce them using recombinant DNA technology. These recombinant antigens can be used to develop diagnostic tests for the detection of antibodies against Schistosoma haematobium in human serum or urine samples, which can help in early diagnosis and treatment of urinary schistosomiasis.

Recombinant antigens can also be used to develop vaccines for urinary schistosomiasis. Vaccines containing recombinant Schistosoma haematobium antigens can be used to stimulate an immune response in humans, which can help protect them against the infection or reduce the severity of the disease if they do get infected.

The use of recombinant proteins/cDNA in academic research and therapeutic applications has skyrocketed. However, in heterologous expression systems, successful recombinant protein expression is dependent on a variety of factors, including codon preference, RNA secondary structure, and GC content. When compared to pre-optimization, more and more experimental results demonstrated that the expression level was dramatically increased, ranging from two to hundred times depending on the gene. Bioclone has created a proprietary technology platform that has resulted in the creation of over 6,000 artificially synthesized codon-optimized cDNA clones (cloned in E. coli expression Vector), which are ready for production of the recombinant proteins