Human parainfluenza virus cDNA and Antigen

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are a group of RNA viruses that cause respiratory infections in humans. There are four types of HPIV (HPIV-1, HPIV-2, HPIV-3, and HPIV-4), each of which can cause a range of symptoms, including the common cold, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. HPIV infections are most common in young children and are spread through the air by coughing or sneezing, or by close contact with infected individuals. The symptoms of HPIV infection can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, may require hospitalization. Vaccines are available for some types of HPIV, but there is no specific antiviral treatment for HPIV infections. The best way to prevent HPIV infection is to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.

Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) antigen refers to a protein that is present on the surface of the virus and is recognized by the immune system. Antigens trigger an immune response, producing antibodies to fight the virus. Detecting HPIV antigens in a patient’s sample is an effective way to diagnose HPIV infection. Antigen tests for HPIV are available and are used in clinical settings to confirm the presence of the virus in patients with symptoms of HPIV-related respiratory infections, such as the common cold, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. These tests are also used to monitor the effectiveness of HPIV vaccines.

The human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) genome is the complete genetic material of the virus. It is composed of RNA, which codes for the production of essential proteins involved in the replication and pathogenesis of the virus. The HPIV genome is highly variable and can lead to the evolution of different strains of the virus. Understanding the HPIV genome is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies and vaccines against the virus. Analysis of the HPIV genome also helps in tracking the spread of the virus and in understanding how it evolves and adapts over time.

Human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 2 are common respiratory viruses that can cause mild to severe illness in humans. These viruses possess several important proteins that are essential for their replication and pathogenesis, including:

Matrix protein: This protein plays a critical role in virus assembly and budding.

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein: This protein is responsible for attachment and entry of the virus into host cells, as well as for the release of newly formed virus particles.

Fusion glycoprotein F0: This protein mediates fusion of the virus with host cell membranes, allowing the virus to enter the cell.

Nucleoprotein: This protein forms the helical nucleocapsid that contains the viral RNA genome.

Y1 protein: This protein regulates viral RNA synthesis.

C protein and C’ protein: These proteins play a role in inhibiting the host immune response to the virus.

Nucleocapsid protein: This protein is essential for virus replication and transcription, and also plays a role in regulating viral RNA synthesis.

Understanding the functions of these proteins is critical for developing effective antiviral therapies to combat human parainfluenza virus infections.

The use of recombinant proteins/cDNA in academic research and therapeutic applications has skyrocketed. However, in heterologous expression systems, successful recombinant protein expression is dependent on a variety of factors, including codon preference, RNA secondary structure, and GC content. When compared to pre-optimization, more and more experimental results demonstrated that the expression level was dramatically increased, ranging from two to hundred times depending on the gene. Bioclone has created a proprietary technology platform that has resulted in the creation of over 6,000 artificially synthesized codon-optimized cDNA clones (cloned in E. coli expression Vector), which are ready for production of the recombinant proteins.